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| Gilead Sciences ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Gilead Sciences
Gilead Sciences is an American biotechnology company that discovers, develops and commercializes therapeutics. For many years since the company was founded, the company concentrated primarily on antiviral drugs used in the treatment of HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and influenza. In 2006, Gilead acquired two companies which were developing drugs to treat patients with pulmonary diseases.
The company's current commercially available products include Atripla, Complera, Emtriva, Viread, Tybost, Vitekta, Truvada, Stribild, Harvoni, Hepsera, Sovaldi, Zydelig, Letairis, Lexiscan, Ranexa, Cayston, Tamiflu, AmBisome, and Macugen.〔(【引用サイトリンク】website=http://gilead.com )〕
Headquartered and founded in Foster City, California, Gilead has operations in North America, Europe and Australia. As of the end of 2013, the company had approximately 7,000 full-time employees.[NASDAQ Biotechnology Index and the S&P 500.]
The company's name and logo refer to the Balm of Gilead.
==History==
Gilead Sciences was founded in June 1987 by Michael L. Riordan, a medical doctor who was 29 years old at the time.〔Gilead IPO prospectus 1992 () page 39〕〔Forbes Admin () Gilead Sciences Board Resolution〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of Gilead Sciences, Inc. – FundingUniverse )〕 Riordan graduated from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and the Harvard Business School.〔() "Balms From Gilead" ''Washington University Magazine'', Spring 1997.〕〔() Gilead SEC IPO prospectus January 1992〕〔Engineering Awards () 1996〕 Three core scientific advisers worked with Riordan to create the company and establish its scientific vision. These were Peter Dervan of Caltech, Doug Melton of Harvard, and Harold Weintraub of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Riordan served as CEO from inception until 1996.〔() 1996 SEC offering prospectus〕 Menlo Ventures, a venture capital firm where Riordan worked for a year, made the first investment in Gilead, of $2 million, and Menlo's partner (DuBose Montgomery ) served as Chairman of the Board until 1993, when Riordan became Chairman.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=History of Gilead Sciences, Inc. – FundingUniverse )〕 Riordan also recruited as scientific advisers Harold Varmus, a Nobel laureate who later became Director of the National Institutes of Health, and Jack Szostak, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2009.〔() page 37〕
The company's primary therapeutic focus was, and continues to be, in antiviral medicines, a field that interested Riordan because he contracted dengue fever, an untreatable viral disease, while working in malnutrition clinics as a Henry Luce Scholar in the Philippines.〔''Washington University Magazine () "Balms From Gilead", Spring 1997〕〔''Forbes Magazine'',"The Golden Age of Antivirals", October 27, 2003 http://www.forbes.com/global/2003/1027/090_print.html〕 Riordan recruited Donald Rumsfeld to join the board of directors in 1988, followed by Benno C. Schmidt, Sr., Gordon Moore, and George P. Shultz. Riordan tried to recruit Warren Buffett as an investor and board member, but was unsuccessful.〔Buffett-Riordan Correspondence () 1998〕 Under the technical leadership of scientist Dr. Mark Matteucci, the company focused its early discovery research on making small strands of DNA (oligomers) to assess the potential of genetic code blockers (gene therapy). Its development of small molecule antiviral therapeutics began in 1991 when CEO Riordan and R&D head John C. Martin in-licensed a group of nucleotide compounds discovered in two European academic labs; one of the compounds was tenofovir, a pro-drug of which, trade named Viread, became one of the most widely used anti-AIDS drugs.〔(prospectus''http://www.scribd.com/doc/176254938/Gilead-Sciences-Initial-Public-Offering-Prospectus-January-1992 ) January, 1992, page 7〕
In 1990, Gilead entered into a collaborative research agreement with Glaxo for the research and development of genetic code blockers, also known as antisense. This collaboration was terminated in 1998, and Gilead's antisense intellectual property portfolio was sold to Isis Pharmaceuticals.
Gilead debuted on the NASDAQ in January 1992. Its IPO raised $86.25 million in proceeds.
In June 1996, Gilead launched Vistide (cidofovir injection) for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. The company cooperated with Pharmacia & Upjohn to market the product outside the United States.
In January 1997, Donald Rumsfeld, a Board member since 1988, was appointed Chairman of the company.〔
〕 He stood down from the Board in January 2001 when appointed United States Secretary of Defense at the start of George W. Bush's first term as President. Federal disclosure forms indicate that Rumsfeld owned between US$5 million and US$25 million in Gilead stock. The rise in Gilead's share prices from US$35 to US$57 per share will have added between US$2.5 million to US$15.5 million to Rumsfeld's net worth.〔
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In March 1999, Gilead acquired NeXstar Pharmaceuticals of Boulder, Colorado following two years of negotiations with the company. At the time, NeXstar's annual sales of $130 million was three times Gilead's sales. NeXstar's two revenue-generating drugs were AmBisome, an injectable fungal treatment, and DaunoXome, an oncology drug taken by HIV patients. Also in 1999, Roche announced first approval of Tamiflu (oseltamivir) for the treatment of influenza. Tamiflu was originally discovered by Gilead and licensed to Roche for late-phase development and marketing. Viread (tenofovir) achieved first approval in 2001 for the treatment of HIV.
In January 2003, Gilead completed its acquisition of Triangle Pharmaceuticals. The company also announced its first full year of profitability. Later that year Hepsera (adefovir) was approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, and Emtriva (emtricitabine) for the treatment of HIV.
In 2004, Gilead launched Truvada, a fixed-dose combination of tenofovir and emtricitabine.
In November 2005, George W. Bush urged Congress to pass $7.1 billion in emergency funding to prepare for the possible bird flu pandemic, of which $1 billion is solely dedicated to the purchase, and distribution of Tamiflu.
In July 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Atripla, a once a day single tablet regimen for HIV, combining Sustiva (efavirenz), a Bristol-Myers Squibb product, and Truvada (emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil), a Gilead product.
Gilead purchased Raylo Chemicals, Inc. in November 2006 for a price of $133.3 million.〔
〕 Raylo Chemical, based in Edmonton, Alberta, was a wholly owned subsidiary of Degussa AG, a German company. Raylo Chemical was a custom manufacturer of active pharmaceutical ingredients and advanced intermediates for the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries.
In 2009 the company received the award for one of the Fastest Growing Companies by ''Fortune''. In the same year they were also named as one America's Top Companies to work for by ''Forbes''.
On July 16, 2012, The Food and Drug Administration approved the first drug shown to reduce the risk of HIV infection manufactured by Gilead Sciences. The pill Truvada as a preventive measure (PrEP) for people who are at high risk of getting HIV through sexual activity.
Citing a market capitalization of US$113 billion and stock appreciation of 100%, and describing their 2011 purchase of Pharmasset for $11 billion as “one of the best pharma acquisitions ever”, Gilead Sciences was reported as the number 4 ranked drug company of 2013 by Forbes Magazine. The strong performance of Gilead in 2013 has also been linked to the FDA approval, and strong sales performance, of their “potentially revolutionary” Hepatitis-C drug Sovaldi. with US 4Q’13 sales estimated by Deutsche Bank at $53M.
On July 11, 2014, the Committee of Finance of the United States Senate launched an investigation into the pricing of the hepatitis C drug Sovaldi (sofosbuvir). This was in reaction to the high cost per pill ($1,000.00), which raised serious questions about the extent to which the market was operating “efficiently and rationally” for this drug. In a letter to CEO John C. Martin, Senators Ron Wyden (Chairman) and Charles E. Grassley (Member) asked Gilead to provide a series of documents to the Committee, and to answer a list of questions, in order for the Committee to get a better understanding of how the company had arrived at the price for this drug.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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